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Čo sa myslí pod pojmom výživa? (časť 2)

Vo "Food Today" č. 1 je výživa definovaná ako veda o potravinách súvisiaca so zdravím. Je tam uvedený aj rámec štúdia výživových vplyvov na ľudský organizmus. Tento článok sprehľadňuje úlohu dvoch základných skupín živín: makro- a mikronutrientov.
Slovo „nutrient“ (alebo „živina) je široký pojem na označenie všetkých zložiek potravy, ktoré majú zabezpečiť normálny vývoj a zachovanie dobrého zdravia. Samotný pojem sa však dá rozdeliť na dve samostatné skupiny výživových zložiek:
  • makronutrienty  
  • mikronutrienty
Makronutrienty sú bielkoviny, lipidy (tuky) a sacharidy. Predstavujú základné zložky stravy a hlavný materiál, z ktorého je vybudované naše telo (bielkoviny tvoria bežne 44 % a tuky 36 % sušiny nášho organizmu), resp. palivo na jeho fungovanie (v ideálnom prípade má tvoriť príjem sacharidov asi 55 % a príjem tukov asi 30 % celkového energetického príjmu).

Aj voda je makronutrient, ale keďže z nej nezískavame žiadnu „výživu“ (žiadnu energiu ani významné výživové látky), často sa za makroživinu nepovažuje. Je to však najdôležitejšia zložka nášho tela – po kvantitívnej i kvalitatívnej stránke. Nielenže tvorí asi 60 % telesnej hmotnosti, je to aj zložka, ktorú si nesmieme dovoliť veľmi stratiť. Všeobecne, už pri strate púhych 8 % vody z organizmu (asi 4 litre) dochádza k vážnemu ochoreniu. Bielkovín môžeme stratiť až 15 %, ďalší v poradí je tuk, ktorého môžeme z organizmu odbúrať až 90 %, je teda najmenej dôležitý.

Naproti tomu mikronutrienty neprinášajú do organizmu energiu, sú však dôležité faktory, ktoré spolupôsobia pri metabolizme. Ide najmä o vitamíny (napr. vitamín A, B, C, D, E, a K), minerálne látky (napr. vápnik a fosfor) a stopové prvky (napr. železo, zinok, selén a mangán).

Mikronutrienty potrebujeme dodávať do organizmu len vo veľmi malých množstvách, sú to však kľúčové zložky stravy. Bez nich by človek nemohol rásť, produkovať energiu a bežne fungovať.

Naše zdravie teda súvisí s optimálnym prísunom makro- i mikronutrientov. Ich nedostatok alebo nadbytok vedie k ochoreniam. V súčasnom svete sa hlavné problémy výživy sústreďujú najmä na otázky nadbytočného príjmu makroživín a nedostatočného príjmu mikroživín.

POTRAVINY DNES (FOOD TODAY) 01/1998

Zdroj: Európska rada potravinárskych informácií (European Food Information Council)

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ČASTO KLADENÉ OTÁZKY
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